A 2025 report by the International Energy Agency states that the “battery supply chain” for EVs has become “increasingly geographically concentrated” in China, which was “responsible for 80% of global battery cell production in 2024.” The report also states that “China has also established a near monopoly on battery components production, supplying almost 85% of cathode active materials” and “over 90% of anode active material production.” China also dominates the global markets for battery raw materials by refining “almost 65%” of the world’s lithium, “three-quarters of all” cobalt, and “over 90%” of all graphite. Among the reasons for China’s dominance is that the mining and manufacturing of these products can create significant pollution, and China has relatively weak laws against pollution.