In the U.S. during 2023, families comprised of foreign-born citizens had an average cash income of $130,396, as compared to $123,374 for native-born citizens, $89,033 for non-citizens, and $67,287 for Hispanic non-citizens. These disparities are because high-skilled immigrants are typically in the U.S. legally and tend to become U.S. citizens, while low-skilled ones do not. Per the academic encyclopedia “Immigration in America Today,” “the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act dramatically changed the immigrant composition in America” from “almost entirely working-class” to a mixture of “highly educated and trained workers” and “a large group” of “low-skilled and under-educated immigrants” that “rose in numbers and in percentages in the 1980s and 1990s.”