A 2022 systematic review conducted by the Johns Hopkins University Evidence-Based Practice Center found that roughly 5.7% of emergency room visits in Canada, Switzerland, Spain, and the United Kingdom result in a misdiagnosis. If this finding and other data from these countries are generalizable to the 130 million emergency room visits per year in the United States, these misdiagnoses cause “more than 7 million errors,” “2.5 million harms,” “100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities,” and “250,000 deaths” per year.