A paper published in 2018 by the journal Academic Questions found that among 8,688 full-time, Ph.D.-holding professors at 51 of the 66 top-ranked liberal arts colleges, the ratio of registered Democrats to registered Republicans was 10.4 to 1. Excluding West Point and Annapolis, the ratio was 12.7 to 1. This varied by academic field from 1.6:1 in engineering to 133:1 in anthropology. Among the college departments examined, 78% had "either zero Republicans, or so few as to make no difference." The vast bulk of this political disparity has occurred since the 1960s, and with this, inflation-adjusted taxpayer funding per college student has grown by 2.9 times.