A scientific survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation in late April found that 55% of U.S. workers "have lost their jobs or had a reduction in hours or pay as a result of" reactions to Covid-19. A 2011 meta-analysis in the journal Social Science & Medicine found that "unemployment is associated with a 63% higher risk of mortality in studies controlling for covariates." Regardless of whether job losses from Covid-19 lockdowns are brief or sustained, the study found that the death correlation "is significant in both the short and long term," lending "some support to the hypothesis and previous findings that both the stress and the negative lifestyle effects associated with the onset of unemployment tend to persist even after a person has regained a job."