A paper published in 2018 by the journal Academic Questions found that among 8,688 full-time, Ph.D.-holding professors at 51 of the 66 top-ranked liberal arts colleges, the ratio of registered Democrats to registered Republicans is 10.4 to 1. Excluding West Point and Annapolis, the ratio is 12.7 to 1. This varies by field from a ratio of 1.6:1 for engineering to 133:1 for anthropology. Among the college academic departments examined, 78% had "either zero Republicans, or so few as to make no difference."