The EPA estimates that breathing toxic air pollutants from outdoor sources increases the average lifetime risk of developing cancer by 0.004 percentage points. For comparison, the average lifetime risk of developing cancer is 38% for women and 42% for men. EPA's estimates of cancer risk from air toxics do not account for "cancer risks associated with diesel particulate matter," "are based on exposure estimates for the median" person instead of "individual extremes in exposure," and are more likely to overestimate impacts than underestimate them."