A 2016 IRS study found that from 2008 to 2010, the difference between what was legally due in federal taxes and what was actually paid amounted to an average annual "tax gap" of $406 billion. Per the IRS's Taxpayer Advocate, this is an effective tax on most taxpayers "to subsidize noncompliance by others." Adjusted for inflation into 2016 dollars, the 2010 tax gap was an average of $3,818 for every household in the U.S.